Multiple Choice
Identify the
letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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Which
of the following is NOT a major factor that influences the strength of a rock? a. | time | c. | age of
rock | b. | rock
type | d. | temperature | | | | |
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2.
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All
changes in the original shape and/or size of a rock body are called ____. a. | faulting | c. | folding | b. | deformation | d. | stress | | | | |
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3.
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Under
which of the following conditions do rocks exhibit ductile deformation? a. | low
temperature | c. | low confining
pressure | b. | being near the Earth’s
surface | d. | high confining
pressure | | | | |
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4.
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Which
of the following combinations should favor folding rather than faulting? a. | high temperature
and low confining pressure | b. | low confining pressure and low
temperature | c. | high confining pressure and low
temperature | d. | high temperature and high confining
pressure | | |
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5.
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As
heat and pressure increase, ductile deformation ____. a. | stops
occurring | c. | becomes more
likely | b. | becomes less likely | d. | is replaced by elastic deformation | | | | |
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6.
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Once
the elastic limit of rock is surpassed, which of the following may occur? a. | The rock may
fracture. | b. | The rock may undergo ductile
deformation. | c. | The rock may flow. | d. | all of the
above | | |
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7.
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Which
of the following is NOT a form of rock deformation? a. | elastic
deformation | c. | erosional
deformation | b. | ductile deformation | d. | brittle deformation | | | | |
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8.
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Deformation in which the object returns to its original shape and size after the
stress is removed is called ____. a. | elastic deformation | c. | brittle deformation | b. | ductile
deformation | d. | strain
deformation | | | | |
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9.
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Brittle deformation is generally seen in ____. a. | rocks with
strong internal molecular bonds | b. | gypsum and shale | c. | rocks far below
Earth’s surface | d. | limestone and schist | | |
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10.
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The
type of deformation in which the object permanently changes size and shape without fracturing is
called ____. a. | brittle
deformation | c. | elastic
deformation | b. | ductile deformation | d. | stress deformation | | | | |
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11.
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A
material that undergoes tensional stress tends to ____. a. | shorten | c. | become
distorted | b. | stretch | d. | become less dense | | | | |
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12.
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Which
of the following is NOT a type of stress seen in rocks? a. | shear
stress | c. | compressional
stress | b. | tensional stress | d. | transitional stress | | | | |
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13.
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Folding is usually the result of ____. a. | tensional
stresses | c. | faulting | b. | shear stresses | d. | compressional stresses | | | | |
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14.
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Tensional stresses commonly cause which of the following? a. | strike-slip
faults | c. | thrust
faults | b. | reverse faults | d. | normal faults | | | | |
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15.
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Compressional stresses can result in the formation of ____. a. | rift
valleys | c. | thrust
faults | b. | horsts and grabens | d. | normal faults | | | | |
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16.
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A
fault in which the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall is a ____. a. | normal
fault | c. | thrust
fault | b. | reverse fault | d. | strike-slip fault | | | | |
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17.
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Faults in which movement is mainly horizontal and parallel to the trend of the fault
surface are called ____. a. | reverse faults | c. | strike-slip faults | b. | thrust
faults | d. | normal
faults | | | | |
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18.
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Orogenesis is a ____. a. | theory that explains the formation of strike-slip
faults | b. | type of faulting | c. | general term for
the processes that produce mountains | d. | type of anticline | | |
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19.
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How
are mountains classified? a. | by their age | b. | by the dominant
processes that formed them | c. | by the type of faulting that occurred to form
them | d. | by the type of
rocks that occur within them | | |
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20.
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Which
of the following lists includes the major types of mountains? a. | folded,
fault-block, volcanic | b. | folded, tensional, compressional | c. | downwarped,
compressional, fault-block | d. | none of the above | | |
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21.
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Which
of the following would NOT be considered a major part of orogenesis? a. | sedimentation
| c. | thrust
faulting | b. | folding | d. | igneous activity | | | | |
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22.
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A
graben is bound by ____. a. | normal faults | c. | strike-slip faults | b. | thrust
faults | d. | reverse
faults | | | | |
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23.
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What
type of stresses have the rocks undergone to form the structures in Figure 11-1? a. | shear
stresses | c. | tensional
stresses | b. | compressional stresses | d. | none of the above | | | | |
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24.
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What
type of faults are shown in Figure 11-1? a. | strike-slip faults | c. | reverse faults | b. | normal
faults | d. | thrust
faults | | | | |
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25.
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In
Figure 11-1, what structure is labeled A? a. | graben | c. | syncline | b. | horst | d. | basin | | | | |
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26.
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In
Figure 11-1, what is the structure labeled B? a. | graben | c. | anticline | b. | horst | d. | dome | | | | |
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27.
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An
example of folded mountains can be seen in ____. a. | the Teton Range of Wyoming | c. | the Sierra Nevada of California | b. | the Alps in
Europe | d. | the Black Hills
of South Dakota | | | | |
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28.
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In a
typical fault-block mountain, ____. a. | thrust faulting plays an important part in its
formation | b. | upwarping creates distinctive features known as
domes | c. | the major forces are compressional
stresses | d. | large blocks of crust are uplifted along normal
faults | | |
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29.
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The
major forces that form folded mountains are ____. a. | shear stresses | c. | compressional stresses | b. | tensional
stresses | d. | volcanic in
nature | | | | |
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30.
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The
youngest rocks are found near the center of ____. a. | an upwarping known as a dome | c. | uplifted structures called horsts | b. | a downwarping
known as a basin | d. | fold-and-thrust
mountain belts | | | | |
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31.
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If
erosion stripped off the top of a dome, what would be found? a. | The oldest rocks
are exposed in the center. | b. | The youngest rocks are exposed in the
center. | c. | The oldest rocks are exposed along the edges of the
dome. | d. | The rocks in the center are the same age as those along the
edges. | | |
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32.
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The
Black Hills of South Dakota were formed by what type of orogenesis? a. | folding | c. | volcanism | b. | fault-block formation | d. | upwarping | | | | |
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33.
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According to Figure 11-2, what type of structure does diagram A
represent? a. | normal
fault | c. | dome | b. | syncline | d. | basin | | | | |
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34.
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According to Figure 11-2, what type of structure does diagram B
represent? a. | dome | c. | anticline | b. | basin | d. | horst | | | | |
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35.
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In
diagram A of Figure 11-2, where would the oldest rock layers be located? a. | at
C | b. | at
D | c. | between C and
D | d. | The answer
cannot be determined. | | |
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36.
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In
diagram B of Figure 11-2, where would the oldest rock layers be located? a. | at
E | b. | at
F | c. | between E and
F | d. | The answer
cannot be determined. | | |
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37.
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How
was the structure formed in diagram A of Figure 11-2? a. | by upwarping of
basement rocks | c. | by extensional
stresses | b. | by shear stresses | d. | by volcanic activity | | | | |
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38.
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At a
continental-continental convergent boundary, ____. a. | one continental
plate is subducted below the other | b. | fault-block mountains are formed | c. | both continental
plates are subducted | d. | folded mountains result | | |
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39.
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The
collision and joining of crustal fragments to a continent is called continental
____. a. | subduction | c. | destruction | b. | isostasy | d. | accretion | | | | |
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40.
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What
is the major type of stress that occurs at convergent plate boundaries? a. | shear
stress | c. | tensional
stress | b. | compressional stress | d. | erosional stress | | | | |
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41.
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Which
of the following mountain ranges was formed by a continental-continental convergent
boundary? a. | the Andes
Mountains | c. | the
Himalayas | b. | the Black Hills | d. | the Sierra Nevada | | | | |
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42.
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What
are the major types of mountain ranges that are formed at convergent plate
boundaries? a. | fault-block and
uplifted mountains | c. | folded and
volcanic mountains | b. | fault-block and folded
mountains | d. | volcanic and
fault-block mountains | | | | |
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43.
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Which
of the following can be produced at an ocean-continental convergent boundary? a. | volcanic island
arc | c. | continental
volcanic arc | b. | shrinking ocean basin | d. | graben bounded by horsts | | | | |
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44.
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What
type of mountains are produced by ocean-ocean convergence? a. | parallel belts
of folded mountains and volcanic mountains | b. | mainly volcanic mountains | c. | a continental
volcanic arc | d. | parallel belts of uplifted mountains and volcanic
mountains | | |
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45.
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An
accumulation of different sedimentary and metamorphic rocks combined with scraps of ocean crust is
called a(n) ____. a. | dome | c. | volcanic island
arc | b. | accretionary
wedge | d. | fault-block
mountain | | | | |
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46.
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What
type of mountains are produced by ocean-continental convergence? a. | parallel belts
of folded mountains and volcanic mountains | b. | folded mountains only | c. | mainly volcanic
mountains | d. | parallel belts of uplifted mountains and volcanic
mountains | | |
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47.
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Which
of the following is an example of mountains formed as a result of ocean-ocean
convergence? a. | the Andes
Mountains | c. | the Hawaiian
Islands | b. | the Himalayas | d. | the mountains of Japan | | | | |
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48.
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Which
of the following is an example of mountains that formed as a result of ocean-continental
convergence? a. | the Andes
Mountains | c. | the Appalachian
Mountains | b. | the Himalayas | d. | the mountains of Japan | | | | |
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49.
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Which
of the following is an example of a mountain range formed at a divergent boundary? a. | the Ural
Mountains in Russia | b. | the Aleutian Islands in Alaska | c. | the Mid-Atlantic
Ridge | d. | the Andes Mountains in South America | | |
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50.
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What
type of mountains are most common at divergent plate boundaries? a. | folded
mountains | c. | fold-and-thrust
belts | b. | uplifted mountains | d. | fault-block mountains | | | | |
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51.
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Which
of the following are associated with the process of orogenesis at divergent
boundaries? a. | folded
mountains | c. | domes and
basins | b. | mountain chains at ocean ridges | d. | volcanic island arcs | | | | |
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52.
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What
type of stress is dominant at divergent plate boundaries? a. | stress from the
plates moving together | c. | compressional
stress | b. | tensional stress | d. | shear stress | | | | |
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53.
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The
removal of material by erosion will cause the crust to ____. a. | subduct | c. | subside | b. | thicken | d. | rise | | | | |
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54.
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In
mountainous regions, the continental crust is ____. a. | thinner than
average | b. | thicker than average | c. | the same
thickness as in other areas | d. | sometimes thinner and sometimes thicker than
average | | |
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55.
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As
erosion removes the tops of mountains, the crust will rise upwards. This is an example
of ____. a. | normal
faulting | c. | isostatic
adjustment | b. | mountain building due to uplift | d. | orogenesis | | | | |
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56.
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What
force controls the isostatic adjustment of Earth’s crust? a. | Earth’s
internal heat flow | b. | gravity | c. | tidal forces
between Earth, the sun, and the moon | d. | compression | | |
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57.
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Because of isostasy, a mountain will ultimately ____. a. | be eroded to
near sea level | b. | reach and maintain a maximum height | c. | diverge at its
core | d. | become a
dome | | |
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58.
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The
thickest part of the crust occurs in ____. a. | older eroded mountain ranges | c. | young mountain ranges | b. | ocean
basins | d. | rift
zones | | | | |
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59.
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Compared to the elevation of a thin piece of continental crust, the highest elevation
of a thick piece of continental crust in isostatic balance will be ____. a. | higher | c. | the
same | b. | lower | d. | older | | | | |
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60.
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According to the process of isostatic adjustment, ____. a. | thin sections of
crustal material float higher than thicker slabs | b. | the crust is
lowered as mountains are eroded | c. | crustal slabs do not adjust their
positions | d. | thick sections of crustal material float higher than thinner
slabs | | |
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